Researchers who founded and built victimology, the study of the crime victim's own role, experience and treatment as a subject in its own right rather than only as incidental to the offender's case, and researchers who study crime and criminal justice across national borders, building the comparative surveys, international societies and cross-national research that let criminology test its theories outside any one country. This group gathers victimology's own founders and victim-typology researchers, the founders of national and international criminological institutions and journals in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, and researchers whose own work is organized around a specific country's or region's criminal justice system or around cross-national comparison rather than around one theoretical school or one applied policy subfield. It excludes researchers whose comparative or international work centers specifically on terrorism, organized crime or white-collar crime, who belong under Terrorism, Gangs and Violent Crime Studies or Organized, White-Collar and Transnational Crime Scholarship instead.