Steven Raphael

Steven Paul Raphael, an American economist born November 13, 1968, is a professor of public policy at the Goldman School of Public Policy at UC Berkeley, where he directs the Institute for Research on Labor and Employment. He is also an adjunct fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California and holds research fellowships at the University of Michigan National Poverty Center, the University of Chicago Crime Lab, and the Institute for the Study of Labor in Bonn, Germany. His scholarship examines the economic dimensions of low-wage labor markets, housing and incarceration in the United States, and he has become known for research on mass incarceration's social consequences and its diminishing effectiveness as a crime-control strategy; his 2014 research with Michael Stoll found that incarceration reduces crime less effectively once prison populations are already high. He earned his B.A. from San Diego State University in 1990 and his Ph.D. from UC Berkeley in 1996. This description is adapted from Wikipedia contributors under CC BY-SA 4.0; changes were made. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/