Learning, neutralization and labeling theories explain crime through learned behavior and the reaction to it. Sutherland's differential association theory, set out in nine propositions, treats crime as learned behavior. Social learning theory builds on it with four core concepts, differential association, definitions, differential reinforcement and imitation, and has been applied to cybercrime, terrorism and domestic violence. Labeling theory emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s and holds that deviance is not a quality inherent in acts or actors but a status conferred through social processes of definition and reaction.
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Learning, Neutralization and Labeling Theories
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Criminal Justice Research Library, iResearchNet: Differential Association Theory
Criminal Justice Research Library, iResearchNetContentsQuote, Contents
Propositions 1-3: Crime as Learned Behavior
Criminal Justice Research Library, iResearchNet: Social Learning Theory
Criminal Justice Research Library, iResearchNetContentsQuote, Contents
The Four Core Concepts a. Differential Association b. Definitions c. Differential Reinforcement d. Imitation
Criminal Justice Research Library, iResearchNet: Labeling Theory
Criminal Justice Research Library, iResearchNetIntroductionQuote, Introduction
deviance was not a quality inherent in acts or actors but a status conferred through social processes of definition and reaction
SAGE Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory: Social Learning Theory
SAGE PublicationsHas Member: Social Learning Theory, PDF page 1Quote, Has Member: Social Learning Theory, PDF page 1
Social learning theory, in its current form, spells out the specific mechanisms by which criminal behavior is learned
Wikipedia: Techniques of Neutralization
Has Member: Techniques of Neutralization, LeadQuote, Has Member: Techniques of Neutralization, Lead
temporarily neutralize certain values within themselves which would normally prohibit them from carrying out such acts
Edwin Sutherland (Wikipedia)
Has Member: Differential Association Theory, Lead sentenceQuote, Has Member: Differential Association Theory, Lead sentence
He is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century. He was a sociologist of the symbolic interactionist school of thought and is best known for defining white-collar crime and differential association, a general theory of crime and delinquency.
Wikipedia: Howard S. Becker
Has Member: Labeling Theory, Lead sentenceQuote, Has Member: Labeling Theory, Lead sentence
Becker's 1963 book Outsiders provided the foundations for labeling theory.
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