Crime and Justice Atlas

How Justice Is Served
Criminology Theories and Schools

Differential Association Theory

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A theory developed by Edwin Sutherland holding that criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others, particularly through association with people who favor law violation over conformity to law.

Facts
Core ClaimSourced to the subject's own account
Criminal behavior is learned through social interaction, particularly with intimate personal groups who model and favor it. 1
Origin YearSourced to the subject's own account
1939 1
Standing CritiqueSourced to the subject's own account
Critics argue the theory treats offenders as independent, rational actors shaped only by environmental influence and does not account for personality traits that might affect a person's susceptibility to those influences. 2
Cross-Tradition Connections

Developed By

Informed

Social learning theory integrates Sutherland's differential association theory with behavioral reinforcement principles from psychology.

Informed By

Sutherland developed differential association partly to explain the white-collar crime he had documented, arguing criminal behavior is learned like any other, regardless of social class.

Sources
1. Wikipedia: Edwin Sutherland
Principles of Criminology, third edition 1939
Quote, Principles of Criminology, third edition 1939
first stating the principle of differential association in the third edition retitled Principles of Criminology (1939:4-8)
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1. Wikipedia: Edwin Sutherland
Lead section
Quote, Lead section
Sutherland is best known for defining white-collar crime and differential association, a general theory of crime and delinquency.
View the Source
1. Wikipedia: Edwin Sutherland
Developed By: Edwin SutherlandView the Source
1. Wikipedia: Edwin Sutherland
Informed By: White Collar CrimeView the Source
2. Wikipedia: Differential Association
Criticism section
Quote, Criticism section
One criticism leveled against this theory has to do with the idea that people can be independent, rational actors and individually motivated.
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SAGE Encyclopedia of Criminological Theory: Social Learning Theory
SAGE PublicationsInformed: Social Learning Theory, p. 23View the Source
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