Theorists and researchers who argue that mainstream criminology, built almost entirely around male offenders and male experience, has ignored or misrepresented women's and girls' own experience of crime, victimization and the criminal justice system, and who study how gender shapes offending, victimization, and the response of police, courts and corrections. This group gathers the field's own founding critiques, later work on women's pathways into crime and incarceration, and research centered specifically on violence against women and girls, sexual victimization and the gendered treatment of offenders and victims within the justice system. It excludes researchers whose primary lens is class or race and power rather than gender specifically, who belong under Critical, Conflict, Marxist and Left Realist Criminology, though the two traditions overlap and a scholar working across both is placed here when gender is the stated organizing focus of their own work.