Crime and Justice Atlas

How Justice Is Served
Criminology Theories and Schools

Strain Theory

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A theory developed by Robert K. Merton holding that deviance is most likely to occur when there is a discrepancy between culturally prescribed goals, such as material success, and the legitimate means available to obtain them.

Facts
Core ClaimSourced to the subject's own account
A gap between culturally valued goals and the legitimate means of reaching them generates pressure toward deviance. 1
Origin YearSourced to the subject's own account
1938 2
Standing CritiqueSourced to the subject's own account
A common criticism is that the theory applies best to lower-class offending, since it centers on the strain of pursuing culturally approved goals with limited legitimate means, and explains middle and upper class crime less well. 2
Cross-Tradition Connections

Developed By

Informed

General strain theory generalizes Merton's classic strain theory beyond blocked economic goals to a broader range of strains and negative emotions.

Cohen built his account of status frustration on Merton's strain framework, applied to working class boys measured against middle class standards.

Informed By

Robert K. Merton adapted Durkheim's concept of anomie into strain theory's account of how blocked goals produce crime.

Source Wikipedia: Anomie
Sources
1. Wikipedia: Robert K. Merton
Theory section
Quote, Theory section
Merton's contribution to sociology falls into three areas: (1) sociology of science; (2) sociology of crime and deviance; (3) sociological theory.
View the Source
1. Wikipedia: Robert K. Merton
Developed By: Robert K. MertonView the Source
2. Wikipedia: Strain Theory (Sociology)
Development section, 1938
Quote, Development section, 1938
Strain theory was a sociological and criminological theory developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton.
View the Source
2. Wikipedia: Strain Theory (Sociology)
Criticisms section
Quote, Criticisms section
Strain theory has received several criticisms, such as: Strain theory best applies only to the lower class as they struggle with limited resources to obtain their goals.
View the Source
Wikipedia: General Strain Theory
Informed: General Strain Theory, Lead sectionView the Source
Wikipedia: Anomie
Informed By: Anomie Theory, History sectionView the Source
Wikipedia: Albert K. Cohen
Informed: Subcultural Theory, Work sectionView the Source
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