Crime and Justice Atlas

How Justice Is Served
Criminology Theories and Schools

Subcultural Theory

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A theory holding that certain groups or subcultures develop values and attitudes conducive to crime and violence, articulated in its classic delinquency form by Albert K. Cohen in Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang (1955), which argued that working class boys unable to achieve status by mainstream middle class standards respond by inverting those standards into a delinquent subculture.

Facts
Core ClaimSourced to the subject's own account
Working class boys who cannot achieve status by mainstream middle class standards experience status frustration and respond collectively by inverting those standards into a delinquent subculture that rewards behavior mainstream society condemns. 1
Origin YearSourced to the subject's own account
1955 1
Standing CritiqueSourced to the subject's own account
Critics argue the theory over-generalizes lower-class youth as uniformly delinquent, underestimates individual variation, and that empirical support for a distinct, oppositional delinquent subculture has been mixed. 1
Cross-Tradition Connections

Critiqued Here

Sykes and Matza argue most delinquents hold broadly conventional values and merely neutralize them temporarily, challenging Cohen's picture of a wholly separate, inverted delinquent subculture.

Developed By

Informed By

Cohen built his account of status frustration on Merton's strain framework, applied to working class boys measured against middle class standards.

Sources
1. Wikipedia: Albert K. Cohen
Work section
Quote, Work section
In his 1955 work, Delinquent Boys: The Culture of the Gang, Cohen wrote about delinquent gangs and suggested in his theoretical discussion how such gangs attempted to 'replace' society's common norms and values with their own sub-cultures.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Subcultural Theory
Opening section
Quote, Opening section
certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence.
View the Source
Wikipedia: Techniques of Neutralization
Associated With: Techniques of Neutralization, Lead sectionView the Source
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