Researchers whose work is organized around a specific institution of the criminal justice system, policing, courts or corrections, rather than around a single theoretical school, studying how police departments, sentencing practice, prisons and community supervision actually operate and how their operation could be reformed. This group gathers the founders of problem-oriented and evidence-based policing, researchers studying police use of force, racial profiling and police reform, sentencing and correctional rehabilitation researchers including the founders of modern risk-need-responsivity correctional practice, and researchers studying mass incarceration, prisoner reentry and the history and reform of American corrections. It excludes researchers whose institutional research is centered specifically on organized, white-collar or transnational crime enforcement, who belong under Organized, White-Collar and Transnational Crime Scholarship, and excludes terrorism-focused policy researchers, who belong under Terrorism, Gangs and Violent Crime Studies.